INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mac68k. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases..............3 Features to be removed in a later release......................3 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................3 Sources of NetBSD..............................................3 NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents....................................3 NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure........................4 Binary distribution sets....................................5 NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices........6 Supported models............................................7 Supported devices...........................................7 Unsupported models..........................................7 Known hardware issues with this release.....................8 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media...................8 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation..................9 Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method).................10 Running the sysinst installation program...................11 Introduction............................................11 Possible hardware-specific issues.......................11 General.................................................11 Quick install...........................................11 Booting NetBSD..........................................13 Preparing your hard disk................................14 Getting the distribution sets...........................14 Installation from CD-ROM................................14 Installation using FTP..................................14 Installation using NFS..................................15 Installation from Mac OS file systems...................15 Installation from an unmounted file system..............15 Installation from a local directory.....................15 Extracting the distribution sets........................15 Configure additional items..............................15 Finalizing your installation............................16 Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method).............16 Preparing the file system(s)...............................16 Installing the files.......................................16 Installation of base files.................................17 Booting the system.........................................18 Post installation steps.......................................19 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................21 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............22 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases.......22 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases.......22 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................22 Administrivia.................................................23 Thanks go to..................................................23 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................24 The End.......................................................30 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 7.2 on the mac68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 7.2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD website at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases The NetBSD 7.2 release brings support for new devices, the integration of many bug fixes, and many userland improvements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. See http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-7/NetBSD-7.2.html for some of the more noteworthy changes in this release. A more extensive list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-7.2: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.2/CHANGES-7.2 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release tree. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o dhclient(8) and rtsol(8) in favor of dhcpcd(8). o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o rtsol(8) and rtsold(8). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-7.2/ CHANGES Changes between the 6.0 and 7.0 releases. CHANGES-7.0 Changes between the initial 7.0 branch and the final release of 7.0. CHANGES-7.1 Changes between the final release of 7.0 and the final release of 7.1. CHANGES-7.2 Changes between the final release of 7.1 and the final release of 7.2. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 7.2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 7.2 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 7.2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure The mac68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 7.2 release is found in the mac68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-7.2/mac68k/. It con- tains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A kernel containing code for everything supported in this release using the standard SCSI driver. netbsd-GENERICSBC.gz A kernel containing code for everything supported in this release using the SBC variant of the SCSI driver. sets/ mac68k binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ instkernel/ mac68k boot and installation kernels; see installation section (Sysinst Method), below. misc/ Miscellaneous mac68k installation utilities; see the Traditional method installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD mac68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 7.2 release for mac68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the mac68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 7.2 mac68k base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 7.2 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install either this distribution set or kern- GENERICSBC. kern-GENERICSBC This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 7.2 GENERICSBC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install either this distribution set or kern- GENERIC. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a run- ning system. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86 4.5.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. This includes the Xmac68k monochrome server with man pages. The mac68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Kernels suitable for booting from an AppleShare server may be found in the mac68k/binary/kernels subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distribution tree. These kernels are generally named something like netbsd-GENERIC.gz and can be booted as-is by the NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility, if desired. Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not in tar ar- chives. The Mac OS based utilities necessary for installing and running NetBSD can be found in the mac68k/installation/misc subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distribution tree. The important files in this directory are as fol- lows: Booter.sea.hqx The NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility. This program is used to boot the NetBSD kernel from within Mac OS. 141 KB archived Installer.sea.hqx The NetBSD/mac68k Installer utility. This program is used to install the distribution sets onto your NetBSD partition(s). This utility is used only in a Tradi- tional method installation; it is not used or required for an installation using the sysinst method. 147 KB archived Mkfs.sea.hqx The Mkfs utility. This program is used to format your chosen partitions so that they can be used with NetBSD. This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation; it is not used or required for an installation using the sysinst method. 76 KB archived These files are all BinHexed, self-extracting archives. If you need them, the sources for these utilities are in the src subdirectory. Note: Each directory in the mac68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/mac68k 7.2 runs on several of the older Macintosh computers. About 4 MB of RAM is sufficient to boot a stripped-down custom kernel, and a subset of the system can be squeezed onto a 40 MB hard disk with considerable creativity and persistence. However, 140 MB of disk should be considered a practical minimum, and to do anything more interesting than booting at least 8 MB of RAM and more disk space is recommended. Please note that to install NetBSD/mac68k 7.2 using the sysinst method, your system must have a minimum of 6 MB of RAM and 60 MB of available disk space (i.e. not part of an in-use HFS partition). Supported models o Mac II, IIx, IIcx, SE/30, IIci, IIsi, IIvx, IIvi o Performa 400/405/410/430, Performa 450, Performa 460/466/467 o Performa 520, Performa 550/560, Performa 600/600CD o LC II, LC III, LC III+, LC 520, LC 550 o MacTV o Classic II, Color Classic o Centris 650 o Quadra 610, Quadra 630, Quadra 650, Quadra 700, Quadra 800 o Quadra/Centris 660AV, Quadra 840AV o PowerBook 140, PowerBook 145/145B, PowerBook 170 o PowerBook 160, PowerBook 165, PowerBook 180 o PowerBook 165c, PowerBook 180c, PowerBook 550c Supported devices o Onboard SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives, and CD-ROMs o Internal sound -- enough to beep on some machines, anyway o Most basic NuBus video cards (there have been some problems with some 24-bit color cards and with most QuickDraw accelera- tors) o Both internal serial ports o ADB keyboards and mice (both Apple and a number of third party multi-button mice and trackballs are supported) o Ethernet cards based on the National Semiconductor 8390 and the SONIC (DP83932) chips (Asante, Apple, and a few others -- prob- lems still with Ethernet and many NuBus video cards) o Ethernet cards based on the SMC 91c92 and 91c100 (FEAST) chips. This includes the AsanteFAST 10/100 cards o Onboard Ethernet based on the SONIC chip for Quadra-series Macs o Onboard Ethernet based on the MACE (Am79C940) chip for the Quadra AV-series Macs o Ethernet port on Asante NetDock and Newer Ether MicroDock, for PowerBook Duo series o Comm-slot Ethernet should be working for most machines/cards If your 68030 system is not listed above, it may be because of a problem with accessing onboard video, and it may still work with a serial con- sole. Some of the known ones in this category: o Mac Classic series o PowerBook Duo series If your 68LC040 system is not listed above, it is due to a problem with floating point emulation (FPE) for this type of processor. Machines in this category include: o Newer LC-series machines (47x, 57x) o Newer Performa-series machines (47x, 57x, 58x, 63x, 640) o Some PowerBook 500-series Macs Unsupported models o Macintosh IIfx This machine has unusual custom chips for the ADB and serial interfaces which make support for it difficult. Work is in progress on this, though. o Quadra 900/950 These machines have I/O processor chips for their ADB inter- faces similar to those used in the IIfx and thus face similar support problems. Note that you can use a serial console on these systems. o PowerPC-based Macs This is a separate effort from the mac68k port. PowerMacs use hardware that is quite different from that of the mac68k port. See the NetBSD/macppc port webpage at http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/macppc/ for more information. Known hardware issues with this release o Real Time Clock Due to oddities of the Macintosh hardware interrupt priority scheme, NetBSD/mac68k keeps very poor time. Under a high inter- rupt load (e.g. SCSI or serial port activity), a machine can lose several minutes per hour. A consequence of this problem is that attempting to run ntpd is generally rather pointless. o SCSI difficulties The NetBSD/mac68k SCSI drivers are not quite as robust as their Mac OS counterparts. Symptoms of these problems are that some SCSI disks will not work under NetBSD that work fine under Mac OS. Other problems include occasional file system corruption with some types of drives and the general unreliability of removable SCSI media. Keep in mind that there are no clear patterns with these problems, and they do not appear to affect the majority of users. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media There are currently two installation methods available for initial installation of NetBSD on Apple Macintosh 68000-based systems. Neither supports all installation media types at this time, so the one you select must be compatible with the media you have available on your system. o The sysinst method of installation uses an Installation Kernel which is a minimal NetBSD system with a memory resident set of utilities that are capable of partitioning the disk, initializing the file sys- tems, and loading them from the archive files. Since the installa- tion kernel does not currently support access to Mac OS HFS file sys- tems this method requires that the Binary Distribution Sets be acces- sible from CD-ROM, remote NFS partition, or via FTP access. o The Traditional method of installation uses Mac OS hosted utilities to partition your disk, initialize the partitions for use by NetBSD, and load the file systems from archive files stored on the Mac OS HFS file system. This method requires that the Binary Distribution Sets reside on a local Macintosh hard drive, a CD-ROM, or an AppleShare volume. The Traditional method of installation is currently supported from the local Macintosh hard drive, from a CD-ROM, or from an AppleShare volume (however, you may upgrade a system from within NetBSD; see the Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System section for more details). If you are installing from a local hard drive, this means that you'll need at least enough room for the largest file that you will have to install. If the install is being done from an AppleShare-mounted volume, the NetBSD/mac68k Installer must be in the same folder as the binary distri- bution sets. Each distribution file is in raw archive format. o Distribution files must be downloaded in binary mode. Common web browsers may not be suitable for this task; FTP clients such as Fetch and Anarchie work fine, but be sure to specify a binary file trans- fer. o The files should not be unpacked. If you have the Internet Config extension installed, you can disable this in the ``Helpers'' dialog by removing the entry associated with ``.tgz'' files. Other FTP clients may require separate changes; consult your package's documen- tation. o If you are installing from a CD-ROM, the distribution sets are already in the proper format. No special handling is required. You will also need to collect the Mac OS installation tools from the mac68k/installation/misc subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distribution: Mkfs, NetBSD/mac68k Installer, and NetBSD/mac68k Booter. These three are in BinHexed, self-extracting archives as Mkfs.sea.hqx, Installer.sea.hqx, and Booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as you would any other Macintosh application. Note: The Booter is the only Mac OS application needed if the sysinst method of installation is used. The Traditional method of instal- lation is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, and the Mkfs and Installer tools will be retired. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation No matter which installation method you use, there is some planning and preparation that is required beforehand. First and foremost, before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep. Mistakes in partitioning your hard disk may lead to data loss. NetBSD/mac68k uses the same disk mapping scheme as Mac OS: the Apple Disk Partition Map. This permits both systems to reside on the same disk, but introduces some installation problems unique to the Macintosh. There are very few, if any, reliable ways to reduce the size of an existing Mac OS disk partition, so partitioning a disk that currently contains Mac OS will almost always require a backup and reload step under Mac OS. If you are using the sysinst method of installation you will be able to do most, if not all, of your disk partitioning during the install process. Partitioning the disk with sysinst will destroy any partition that is resized, deleted, converted, or designated for use by NetBSD. All space not planned to be used for Mac OS HFS partitions may be used by NetBSD and can be sub-divided by the sysinst process. This space may be defined within one or more existing disk partitions of any type, includ- ing HFS partitions that are no longer needed for Mac OS. However it is best if this space is physically contiguous on the disk as sysinst is not capable of merging non-contiguous disk partitions. If you are using the sysinst method and have sufficient disk space in one or more disk parti- tions you should skip forward to the section labeled Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method) in this document. If you are using the Traditional method of installation you must use a disk partitioning utility to designate the different partitions you will want in your final NetBSD configuration. It is not necessary to create NetBSD (or AU/X) type partitions at this stage; the Mkfs utility can con- vert a partition of any type to one usable for NetBSD. If disk partitioning is required because you've selected the Traditional method of installation, or because disk space needs to be freed up for use for the sysinst method of installation, follow the directions in the remainder of this section. Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Any formatter capable of partitioning a SCSI disk should work. Some of the ones that have been tried and seem to work are: o Apple HD SC Setup o Hard Disk ToolKit from FWB o SCSI Director Lite o Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack o Silverlining from LaCie o APS Disk Tools Apple's HD SC Setup is probably the easiest to use and the most commonly available. Instructions for patching HD SC Setup so that it will recog- nize non-Apple drives is available at: http://www.euronet.nl/users/ernstoud/patch.html First, you need to choose a drive on which to install NetBSD. Try to pick a drive with a low SCSI target number (or "SCSI ID"), especially if you are likely to add or remove drives to your SCSI chain in the future. Note: Be certain you have a reliable backup of any data that you may want to keep. Repartitioning your hard drive is an excellent way to destroy important data. Second, decide how you want to set up your partitions. At minimum, you need a partition to hold the NetBSD installation (the root partition -- /) and a partition to serve as swap space. You may choose to use more than one partition to hold the installation. This allows you to separate the more vital portions of the file system (such as the kernel and the /etc directory) from the more volatile parts of the file system. Typical setups place the /usr directory on a separate partition from the root partition (/). Generally, / can be fairly small while the /usr partition should be fairly large. If you plan to use this machine as a server, you may also want a separate /var partition. Once you have decided how to lay out your partitions, you need to calcu- late how much space to allocate to each partition. A minimal install of NetBSD (i.e. base.tgz, etc.tgz, and either kern-GENERIC.tgz or kern-GENERICSBC.tgz) requires about 140MB. A general rule of thumb for sizing the swap partition is to allocate twice as much swap space as you have real memory. Having your swap + real memory total at least 20 MB is also a good idea. Systems that will be heavily used or that are low on real memory should have more swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used or have a very large amount of real memory can get away with less. Keep in mind that NetBSD currently requires Mac OS in order to boot, so it is likely that you will want to keep at least a minimal install of Mac OS around on an HFS partition for this purpose. The size of this parti- tion may vary depending on the size requirements for the version of Mac OS you are using. Of course, if you have Mac OS on another hard drive or can boot from a floppy, feel free to dedicate the entire drive to NetBSD. Next, use your favorite partitioning utility to make partitions of the necessary sizes. You can use any type of partition, but partitions of type Apple_Free might save you some confusion in the future. You are now set to install NetBSD on your hard drive. Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method) Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible hardware-specific issues o SCSI driver problems The SCSI driver used in the kernel on many older Macintosh sys- tems is, by default, the ncrscsi driver. It contains a recog- nized but as yet unfixed bug that affects some disk drive/con- troller combinations, usually Quantum disks. Under heavy load these systems may hang or corrupt the file system; or, you may experience frequent Segmentation fault and Illegal instruction errors that may or may not be consistently repeatable. This latter condition is particularly prevalent on systems with mini- mal RAM installed. If either of these problems occur on your system you are advised to use the SBC variants of the Kernel and Installation Kernel. However, be aware that this issue does not affect e.g. Centris or Quadra systems. o The 68LC040 processor NetBSD has known but unresolved problems running on the 68LC040 processor, the variant of the 68040 that does not contain the floating point unit (FPU). The kernel is thus forced to emulate the missing operations in software. Unfortunately the 68LC040 processor has a design problem that causes the emulation to fail intermittently. We hope to provide a solution for this issue in a future NetBSD release. Software emulation of floating point operations is not a problem on the 68020 and 68030 processors. 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driven pro- gram that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). - The Mac OS Booter application and an Installation Kernel - A Macintosh with a 68020 and MMU, 68030 or 68RC040 proces- sor. An FPU is not required but will be used if present (but see the note above regarding the 68LC040). - A minimum of 8 MB of memory installed. - An optical drive. - A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a com- plete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. o The NetBSD Boot Tools folder. - Create a Folder on your Mac OS disk for the NetBSD/mac68k components. - Copy the Booter application into the newly created Folder. Expand the file if necessary to create the Mac OS exe- cutable. - Copy the Installation Kernels into the newly created Folder. It is not necessary to gunzip compressed kernel files. - Single-click on the Booter application icon then select the "Get Info" from the File Menu list. Increase the memory allocation for the Booter to as much as possible for your system. Having a large number of fonts, extensions or sounds installed on your system can cause memory exhaustion problems for the Booter if you don't do this. Also, the extra memory is needed by the Booter to expand compressed kernels while booting. o The Quick Installation - Double-click on the Booter application icon to start execut- ing it. From the Options pull-down menu, select Monitors, then select Change Monitor Depth and make sure B&W is high- lighted. Close the window using the Close button. - From the Options pull-down menu select Boot Options. This will bring up an option panel. Set the Auto-set GMT Bias checkbox in the lower left and then select the Boot from Mac OS option at the top of the window. The Set button on the right will become active. Use it to locate and select the Installation Kernel file appropriate for your hardware. This will be either netbsd-INSTALL.gz or netbsd-INSTALLSBC.gz. Close the window using the Close but- ton. - From the Options pull-down menu select the Boot Now, or use the Apple-B (Command-B) key combination to start the NetBSD boot process. Do not move the mouse while the boot opera- tion is in progress as this may leave the keyboard locked to NetBSD. The main menu will be displayed. Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After lan- guage selection, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-7.2 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose Install. - You will be guided through the setup of your disk. - You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. - When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select Reboot. - NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by sysinst, logging in as root and setting a password should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 5. Booting NetBSD Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k verify that all the fol- lowing are done: o Enable 32-bit addressing in the Memory Control Panel [1]. o Disable all forms of virtual memory (the Memory Control Panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement prod- ucts). o Place the system in B&W Mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown in the Monitors Control Panel or in the Monitors options dialog of the Booter. You may choose to have the Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in the Monitors dialog on the Options menu. It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned off [1]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macintosh for changes to take effect before proceeding. [1] If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your sys- tem is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode by default. If the Booter complains that your are not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to press the "Use Defaults" button in the Memory control panel to restore 32-bit addressing. You should probably reboot after doing so. If you have an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/ for more information. Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the applica- tion. Select Booting from the Options menu. Select the Kernel Location to be from Mac OS with the filename corresponding to the name of the Installation Kernel you are using. Typically this will be netbsd-INSTALL.gz. If you haven't already put your Macintosh into B&W mode, select the Monitor Options from the Options menu and check the box for B&W mode. Try booting NetBSD by selecting Boot Now from the Options menu. If the system does not come up, send mail to port-mac68k@NetBSD.org describing your software, your hardware, and as complete a descrip- tion of the problem as you can. As an alternative, try using the Traditional method of installation described in the next section. 6. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to con- tain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk prepa- ration tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the begin- ning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 7. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 8. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 9. Installation using FTP To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 10. Installation using NFS To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, ask- ing you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 11. Installation from Mac OS file systems NetBSD/mac68k does not currently have in-kernel support for Mac OS HFS/HFS+ or AppleShare filesystems. sysinst therefore can not access the file sets if they are on these filesystems. 12. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 13. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 14. Extracting the distribution sets A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. 15. Configure additional items The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party soft- ware. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or yum. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 16. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 7.2. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method) The Traditional method of installation can be broken down into three basic steps: o Run Mkfs to build a file system or file systems. o Run the Installer to load the files onto your file systems. o Run the Booter to boot the system. Preparing the file system(s) Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It will ask you for the SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) of the drive that you are installing NetBSD on. Once this is selected, it will present a list of the parti- tions on that disk. You must first convert the partitions to a type which NetBSD can understand. Select each partition on which you wish to build a file system and click on the Change button. If you are placing the entire installation on a single partition, select the NetBSD Root&Usr radio but- ton. If you are using multiple partitions, select NetBSD Root for the root partition (/) and NetBSD Usr for all the other partitions. You should select NetBSD Swap for the swap partition. When you have finished converting each partition, select each partition and click on the Format button. You will now be asked for a bunch of parameters for the hard drive and the file system. Usually, you can just take the defaults. If you are installing onto removable media (e.g. a Zip, Jaz, or Syquest), please see the FAQ. Note that although this dialog only has the OK button, you are not committed, yet. Once you get the val- ues you want, press the OK button. A dialog will be presented at this point with two options: Format and Cancel. If you choose Cancel, nothing will be written to your drive. If you choose Format, the program will proceed to make a file system. Mkfs is not a well-behaved Macintosh application. It will not allow any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative multitasking at its best). When it's finished, the program will put up a dialog to ask if you have scanned the output for any error messages. Usually there won't have been any errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Simply click on the I Read It button and the program will quit. Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish to make file systems on. Note that you do not need a file system on your swap parti- tion. When you are finished, click on the Done button and choose Quit from the File menu to exit Mkfs. Installing the files Before using the Installer, it is probably a good idea to increase its memory allocation. Select the Installer icon by clicking on it and choose Get Info from the File menu. Increase both the Minimum and Preferred sizes to as much as you can spare. Double-click on the Installer icon to start it up. The Installer will present the same SCSI-ID menu that Mkfs did. Select the same SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) that you did for Mkfs - i.e., the one you are installing NetBSD on. If you are installing onto a single root partition (/), proceed to the Installation of base files section, below. If you have not created file systems for / (root), usr, and any other file systems, go back to Preparing the file system(s) above. When you started the Installer, it mounted your root partition (/). Just before it printed Mounting partition 'A' as / it printed lines like: sd1 at scsi ID 5 This means that the device for SCSI target 5 ("SCSI ID 5") is sd1. The partitions are signified by a trailing letter. For instance, sd1a would be the root partition (/) of the second SCSI disk in the chain, and sd0g would be the first Usr partition on the first SCSI disk. You will need to know the proper device to mount the remaining parti- tion(s) by hand: 1. Select Build Devices from the File menu. 2. Select Mini Shell from the File menu. 3. You can use the disklabel command to get a listing of the available partitions and their types and sizes. 4. Create the directory mount point(s) with the command: # mkdir path E.g. for the /usr partition type: # mkdir /usr 5. Mount the file systems you wish with the command: # mount device path For example, if you wish to mount a /usr partition from the first SCSI disk sd0, on /usr, you would type: # mount /dev/sd0g /usr 6. Type # fstab force to create a proper /etc/fstab file. 7. Type quit after you have mounted all the file systems. Installation of base files Select the Install menu item from the File menu and install base.tgz, etc.tgz, either kern-GENERIC.tgz or kern-GENERICSBC.tgz, and any other sets you wish to install at this time (see the NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents for information about what's in each set). The Installer will print out the filename of each file as it is installed, and will take quite some time to install everything (the base package alone can take over two hours on a slow hard drive). As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well-behaved Macin- tosh application and the machine will be completely tied up while the installation takes place. At some point after installing the base set, select the Build Devices option from the File menu if you have not already done so. This will cre- ate a bunch of device nodes for you and will create your initial /etc/fstab. The Installer program also has an option to give you a mini- shell. Do not use this unless you are sure know what you are doing. When you are finished installing all of the sets you wish to install, exit the Installer by choosing Quit from the File menu. Booting the system Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k, please verify that all of the following are true: 1. 32-bit addressing is enabled [2] in the Memory control panel; 2. All forms of virtual memory are disabled (the Memory control panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement products); and 3. Your system is in B&W mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown by the Monitors control panel. You may choose to have the Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in the Monitors dialog on the Options menu. It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned off [2]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macintosh for changes to take effect before proceeding. [2] If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your system is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode by default. If the Booter complains that you are not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to press the Use Defaults button in the Memory control panel to restore 32-bit addressing. You should probably reboot after doing so. If you have an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/ for more information. Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the application. Select Booting from the Options menu. Check that all of the items in the resulting dialog look sane - especially the SCSI target number. If not, correct them to your preference (the SCSI target number, or "SCSI ID", should be the only thing you need to change). When you are satisfied with your choices, try booting NetBSD by selecting Boot Now from the Options menu. If you wish to save your preferences, choose Save Options from the File menu before Booting (your preferences will not be saved if you forget to do this). If the system does not come up, send mail to port-mac68k@NetBSD.org describing your software, your hardware, and as complete a description of the problem as you can. If the system does come up, congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 7.2. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, where your on-board, NuBus or PDS interface may be ae0, mc0 or sn0. For example: ifconfig_sn0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_sn0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by set- ting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html [Color_X] Some systems are capable of supporting a color X Server in either thousands or millions of colors. The mac68k port does not support resolution switching at this time. If your system is capable of running the color X Server it can be installed at this point and the Booter options can be modified to match the resolution depth. 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. - More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html - A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html - Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the mac68k/7.2/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is correctly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh # pkgin install bash # pkgin install perl # pkgin install apache # pkgin install kde # pkgin install firefox ... Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. - If you did not install it from the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling pack- ages can be obtained by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 7. Misc - Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. - Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. - Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 7.2 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 7.2 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're fin- ished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. How- ever, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 7.2. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be han- dled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 7.2 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 6.x as well. The following users need to be created: - _mdnsd - _tests - _tcpdump - _tss The following groups need to be created: - _mdnsd - _tests - _tcpdump - _tss The implementation of SHA2-HMAC in KAME_IPSEC as used in NetBSD 5.0 and before did not comply with current standards. FAST_IPSEC does, with the result that old and new systems cannot communicate over IPSEC if one of the affected authentication algorithms (hmac_sha256, hmac_sha384, hmac_sha512) is used. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases The following user needs to be created: - _rtadvd The following groups need to be created: - _gpio - _rtadvd Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are - intro(1), - man(1), - apropos(1), - passwd(1), and - passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to - The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. - The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. - The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. - The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. - The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. - Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. - We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) - Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. 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This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III. This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill. This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/ This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by John Birrell. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H. Shimokawa. This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berke- ley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Microsoft. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Texas A&M University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford University makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End Contributions The following people have made contributions of various sorts specifi- cally for the Macintosh port (in alphabetical order): o All of the users who have supplied us with good bug reports and moral support. o The Alice Group (Allen K. Briggs, Chris P. Caputo, Michael L. Finch, Bradley A. Grantham, and Lawrence A. Kesteloot), without whom there would be no NetBSD port for the Macintosh. o Steven R. Allen for keeping our snapshot distributions up-to-date. o Stephen C. Brown for maintaining the Installer application. o Denton Gentry and Yanagisawa Takeshi for their work on the SONIC Eth- ernet driver. o Paul Goyette, Taras Ivanenko, Ken Nakata, and Michael R. Zucca for invaluable work towards supporting color X. o Takashi Hamada and John Wittkoski beating the direct ADB hardware driver into submission. o David Huang for getting MACE Ethernet and basic DMA working on the AV Macs. o Scott Jann for acquiring a IIx and a IIci, used for building and testing release sets. o Scott Kaplan for lending his IIci and Kensington Turbo Mouse for IIci/IIsi banked memory and internal video as well as non-Apple ADB devices. o Noah M. Kieserman for lending a PowerBook 520C for tracking down sev- eral bugs on that platform. o Markus Krummenacker for monetary donations. o Glan Lalonde for an invaluable IIci page table dump. o Dan McMahill for lending a PowerBook 165 to tweak ADB support on the PowerBook 160 and 180 family laptops. o Bob Nestor for (unofficially) maintaining the Mkfs utility, and pro- viding a lot of useful information about the ROM vectors used by dif- ferent systems. o Brad Parker for serial and Ethernet drivers/improvements. o Brian R. Gaeke and Nigel Pearson for tweaking, polishing, and per- forming the occasional major refit on the Booter application. o Scott Redman for lending Brad Grantham a PowerBook 160. o Craig Ruff for assembling an '030 pmove ttx instruction. o Brad Salai for lending an Ethernet card to help resolve interrupt conflicts. o Larry Samuels for monetary donations. o Peter Siebold for lending his IIvx in support of ADB and IIvx inter- nal video. o Glen Stewart for lending a Carrera040 accelerator which, while still unsupported, helped to track down memory management bugs for '030-based machines. o Bill Studenmund for providing a stable front end to the machine- independent serial driver. o Schuyler Stultz for the loan of his Macintosh II when we desperately needed another machine on which to compile and test during the '93 Xmas vacation. o Tenon Intersystems for monetary donations, MachTen, and Brad's access to several machines and documentation after hours. o Virginia Tech English Department for loan of a IIci w/ NuBus video and 32 MB of RAM -- the first IIci to run NetBSD/mac68k. o Rob Windsor for donating a variety of Macintosh II-family systems, a Centris 650, a Quadra 700, and several boxes full of miscellaneous peripherals and parts in the interest of ensuring adequate testing and working out minor (and not-so-minor) problems. o Colin Wood for maintaining a host of NetBSD/mac68k documentation, including the FAQ, Meta-FAQ, and OS Info documents. NetBSD August 29, 2018 NetBSD