# Chapter 25. Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and Setup

## 25.1. Synopsis

FreeBSD is a distributed project with users and contributors located all over the world. As such, FreeBSD supports localization into many languages, allowing users to view, input, or process data in non-English languages. One can choose from most of the major languages, including, but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French, Russian, and Vietnamese.

The term internationalization has been shortened to i18n, which represents the number of letters between the first and the last letters of `internationalization`. L10n uses the same naming scheme, but from `localization`. The i18n/L10n methods, protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of their choice.

This chapter discusses the internationalization and localization features of FreeBSD.

Read this chapter to learn:

- How locale names are constructed.

- How to set the locale for a login shell.

- How to configure the console for non-English languages.

- How to configure Xorg for different languages.

- How to find i18n-compliant applications.

- Where to find more information for configuring specific languages.

Before reading this chapter:

- Know how to install additional third-party applications.

## 25.2. Using Localization

Localization settings are based on three components: the language code, country code, and encoding. Locale names are constructed from these parts as follows:

    LanguageCode_CountryCode.Encoding

The LanguageCode and CountryCode are used to determine the country and the specific language variation. Common Language and Country Codes provides some examples of LanguageCode_CountryCode:

Table 1. Common Language and Country Codes
LanguageCode_Country Code | Description
--- | ---
en_US | English, United States
ru_RU | Russian, Russia
zh_TW | Traditional Chinese, Taiwan

A complete listing of available locales can be found by typing:

    % locale -a | more

To determine the current locale setting:

    % locale

Language specific character sets, such as ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437, are described in multibyte(3). The active list of character sets can be found at the IANA Registry.

Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be represented using ASCII characters and require an extended language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters. Examples of wide or multibyte encodings include EUC and Big5. Older applications may mistake these encodings for control characters while newer applications usually recognize these characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be required to compile an application with wide or multibyte character support, or to configure it correctly.

| FreeBSD uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings.

The rest of this section describes the various methods for configuring the locale on a FreeBSD system. The next section will discuss the considerations for finding and compiling applications with i18n support.

### 25.2.1. Setting Locale for Login Shell

Locale settings are configured either in a user’s ~/.login_conf or in the startup file of the user’s shell: ~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, or ~/.cshrc.

Two environment variables should be set:

- `LANG`, which sets the locale

- `MM_CHARSET`, which sets the MIME character set used by applications

In addition to the user’s shell configuration, these variables should also be set for specific application configuration and Xorg configuration.

Two methods are available for making the needed variable assignments: the login class method, which is the recommended method, and the startup file method. The next two sections demonstrate how to use both methods.

#### 25.2.1.1. Login Classes Method

This first method is the recommended method as it assigns the required environment variables for locale name and MIME character sets for every possible shell. This setup can either be performed by each user or it can be configured for all users by the superuser.

This minimal example sets both variables for Latin-1 encoding in the .login_conf of an individual user’s home directory:

    me:\
    	:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
    	:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:

Here is an example of a user’s ~/.login_conf that sets the variables for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. More variables are needed because some applications do not correctly respect locale variables for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean:

    #Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats
    #of Taiwan can manually change each variable
    me:\
    	:lang=zh_TW.Big5:\
    	:setenv=LC_ALL=zh_TW.Big5,LC_COLLATE=zh_TW.Big5,LC_CTYPE=zh_TW.Big5,LC_MESSAGES=zh_TW.Big5,LC_MONETARY=zh_TW.Big5,LC_NUMERIC=zh_TW.Big5,LC_TIME=zh_TW.Big5:\
    	:charset=big5:\
    	:xmodifiers="@im=gcin": #Set gcin as the XIM Input Server

Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in /etc/login.conf are used to set the locale and MIME character set:

    language_name|Account Type Description:\
    	:charset=MIME_charset:\
    	:lang=locale_name:\
    	:tc=default:

So, the previous Latin-1 example would look like this:

    german|German Users Accounts:\
    	:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
    	:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:\
    	:tc=default:

See login.conf(5) for more details about these variables. Note that it already contains pre-defined russian class.

Whenever /etc/login.conf is edited, remember to execute the following command to update the capability database:

    # cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf

| For an end user, the `cap_mkdb` command will need to be run on their ~/.login_conf for any changes to take effect.

##### 25.2.1.1.1. Utilities Which Change Login Classes

In addition to manually editing /etc/login.conf, several utilities are available for setting the locale for newly created users.

When using `vipw` to add new users, specify the language to set the locale:

    user:password:1111:11:language:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh

When using `adduser` to add new users, the default language can be pre-configured for all new users or specified for an individual user.

If all new users use the same language, set `defaultclass=language` in /etc/adduser.conf.

To override this setting when creating a user, either input the required locale at this prompt:

    Enter login class: default []:

or specify the locale to set when invoking `adduser`:

    # adduser -class language

If `pw` is used to add new users, specify the locale as follows:

    # pw useradd user_name -L language

To change the login class of an existing user, `chpass` can be used. Invoke it as superuser and provide the username to edit as the argument.

    # chpass user_name

#### 25.2.1.2. Shell Startup File Method

This second method is not recommended as each shell that is used requires manual configuration, where each shell has a different configuration file and differing syntax. As an example, to set the German language for the `sh` shell, these lines could be added to ~/.profile to set the shell for that user only. These lines could also be added to /etc/profile or /usr/share/skel/dot.profile to set that shell for all users:

    LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG
    MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET

However, the name of the configuration file and the syntax used differs for the `csh` shell. These are the equivalent settings for ~/.login, /etc/csh.login, or /usr/share/skel/dot.login:

    setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1
    setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1

To complicate matters, the syntax needed to configure Xorg in ~/.xinitrc also depends upon the shell. The first example is for the `sh` shell and the second is for the `csh` shell:

    LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG

    setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1

### 25.2.2. Console Setup

Several localized fonts are available for the console. To see a listing of available fonts, type `ls /usr/share/syscons/fonts`. To configure the console font, specify the font_name, without the .fnt suffix, in /etc/rc.conf:

    font8x16=font_name
    font8x14=font_name
    font8x8=font_name

The keymap and screenmap can be set by adding the following to /etc/rc.conf:

    scrnmap=screenmap_name
    keymap=keymap_name
    keychange="fkey_number sequence"

To see the list of available screenmaps, type `ls /usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps`. Do not include the .scm suffix when specifying screenmap_name. A screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter’s font character matrix so that letters are moved out of the pseudographics area if the screen font uses a bit 8 column.

To see the list of available keymaps, type `ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps`. When specifying the keymap_name, do not include the .kbd suffix. To test keymaps without rebooting, use kbdmap(1).

The `keychange` entry is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type because function key sequences cannot be defined in the keymap.

Next, set the correct console terminal type in /etc/ttys for all virtual terminal entries. Defined Terminal Types for Character Sets summarizes the available terminal types.:

Table 2. Defined Terminal Types for Character Sets
Character Set | Terminal Type
--- | ---
ISO8859-1 or ISO8859-15 | `cons25l1`
ISO8859-2 | `cons25l2`
ISO8859-7 | `cons25l7`
KOI8-R | `cons25r`
KOI8-U | `cons25u`
CP437 (VGA default) | `cons25`
US-ASCII | `cons25w`

For languages with wide or multibyte characters, install a console for that language from the FreeBSD Ports Collection. The available ports are summarized in Available Console from Ports Collection. Once installed, refer to the port’s pkg-message or man pages for configuration and usage instructions.

Table 3. Available Console from Ports Collection
Language | Port Location
--- | ---
Traditional Chinese (BIG-5) | chinese/big5con
Chinese/Japanese/Korean | chinese/cce
Chinese/Japanese/Korean | chinese/zhcon
Japanese | chinese/kon2
Japanese | japanese/kon2-14dot
Japanese | japanese/kon2-16dot

If moused is enabled in /etc/rc.conf, additional configuration may be required. By default, the mouse cursor of the syscons(4) driver occupies the `0xd0`-`0xd3` range in the character set. If the language uses this range, move the cursor’s range by adding the following line to /etc/rc.conf:

    mousechar_start=3

### 25.2.3. Xorg Setup

The X Window System describes how to install and configure Xorg. When configuring Xorg for localization, additional fonts and input methods are available from the FreeBSD Ports Collection. Application specific i18n settings such as fonts and menus can be tuned in ~/.Xresources and should allow users to view their selected language in graphical application menus.

The X Input Method (XIM) protocol is an Xorg standard for inputting non-English characters. Available Input Methods summarizes the input method applications which are available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection. Additional Fcitx and Uim applications are also available.

Table 4. Available Input Methods
Language | Input Method
--- | ---
Chinese | chinese/gcin
Chinese | chinese/ibus-chewing
Chinese | chinese/ibus-pinyin
Chinese | chinese/oxim
Chinese | chinese/scim-fcitx
Chinese | chinese/scim-pinyin
Chinese | chinese/scim-tables
Japanese | japanese/ibus-anthy
Japanese | japanese/ibus-mozc
Japanese | japanese/ibus-skk
Japanese | japanese/im-ja
Japanese | japanese/kinput2
Japanese | japanese/scim-anthy
Japanese | japanese/scim-canna
Japanese | japanese/scim-honoka
Japanese | japanese/scim-honoka-plugin-romkan
Japanese | japanese/scim-honoka-plugin-wnn
Japanese | japanese/scim-prime
Japanese | japanese/scim-skk
Japanese | japanese/scim-tables
Japanese | japanese/scim-tomoe
Japanese | japanese/scim-uim
Japanese | japanese/skkinput
Japanese | japanese/skkinput3
Japanese | japanese/uim-anthy
Korean | korean/ibus-hangul
Korean | korean/imhangul
Korean | korean/nabi
Korean | korean/scim-hangul
Korean | korean/scim-tables
Vietnamese | vietnamese/xvnkb
Vietnamese | vietnamese/x-unikey

## 25.3. Finding i18n Applications

i18n applications are programmed using i18n kits under libraries. These allow developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus and texts to each language.

The FreeBSD Ports Collection contains many applications with built-in support for wide or multibyte characters for several languages. Such applications include `i18n` in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed.

Some applications can be compiled with the specific charset. This is usually done in the port’s Makefile or by passing a value to configure. Refer to the i18n documentation in the respective FreeBSD port’s source for more information on how to determine the needed configure value or the port’s Makefile to determine which compile options to use when building the port.

## 25.4. Locale Configuration for Specific Languages

This section provides configuration examples for localizing a FreeBSD system for the Russian language. It then provides some additional resources for localizing other languages.

### 25.4.1. Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding)

This section shows the specific settings needed to localize a FreeBSD system for the Russian language. Refer to Using Localization for a complete description of each type of setting.

To set this locale for the login shell, add the following lines to each user’s ~/.login_conf:

    me:My Account:\
    	:charset=KOI8-R:\
    	:lang=ru_RU.KOI8-R:

To configure the console, add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:

    keymap="ru.utf-8"
    scrnmap="utf-82cp866"
    font8x16="cp866b-8x16"
    font8x14="cp866-8x14"
    font8x8="cp866-8x8"
    mousechar_start=3

For each `ttyv` entry in /etc/ttys, use `cons25r` as the terminal type.

To configure printing, a special output filter is needed to convert from KOI8-R to CP866 since most printers with Russian characters come with hardware code page CP866. FreeBSD includes a default filter for this purpose, /usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt. To use this filter, add this entry to /etc/printcap:

    lp|Russian local line printer:\
    	:sh:of=/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt:\
    	:lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/output/lpd:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs:

Refer to printcap(5) for a more detailed explanation.

To configure support for Russian filenames in mounted MS-DOS® file systems, include `-L` and the locale name when adding an entry to /etc/fstab:

    /dev/ad0s2      /dos/c  msdos   rw,-Lru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0

Refer to mount_msdosfs(8) for more details.

To configure Russian fonts for Xorg, install the x11-fonts/xorg-fonts-cyrillic package. Then, check the `"Files"` section in /etc/X11/xorg.conf. The following line must be added before any other `FontPath` entries:

    FontPath   "/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"

Additional Cyrillic fonts are available in the Ports Collection.

To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the `"Keyboard"` section of /etc/xorg.conf:

    Option "XkbLayout"   "us,ru"
    Option "XkbOptions"  "grp:toggle"

Make sure that `XkbDisable` is commented out in that file.

For `grp:toggle` use `Right Alt`, for `grp:ctrl_shift_toggle` use `Ctrl`+`Shift`. For `grp:caps_toggle` use `CapsLock`. The old `CapsLock` function is still available in LAT mode only using `Shift`+`CapsLock`. `grp:caps_toggle` does not work in Xorg for some unknown reason.

If the keyboard has "Windows®" keys, and some non-alphabetical keys are mapped incorrectly, add the following line to /etc/xorg.conf:

    Option "XkbVariant" ",winkeys"

| The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with non-localized applications. Minimally localized applications should call a `XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL);` function early in the program.

See http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html for more instructions on localizing Xorg applications. For more general information about KOI8-R encoding, refer to http://koi8.pp.ru/.

### 25.4.2. Additional Language-Specific Resources

This section lists some additional resources for configuring other locales.

Traditional Chinese for Taiwan

  The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has a Chinese HOWTO for FreeBSD at http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/.

Greek Language Localization

  A complete article on Greek support in FreeBSD is available here, in Greek only, as part of the official FreeBSD Greek documentation.

Japanese and Korean Language Localization

  For Japanese, refer to http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/, and for Korean, refer to http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/.

Non-English FreeBSD Documentation

  Some FreeBSD contributors have translated parts of the FreeBSD documentation to other languages. They are available through links on the FreeBSD web site or in /usr/share/doc.

Last modified on: August 29, 2025 by Benedict Reuschling

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